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Concrete work around an American home usually means a driveway, a garage slab, a patio, front steps, a walkway, footings for an addition or a pad for a generator or air conditioner. It looks like a simple pour, and the finished surface is the smallest part of the job. What decides whether a slab lasts a generation or spalls in five winters happens underneath and in the first month: the subgrade, the base, the drainage, the mix, the joints and the curing.

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Climate drives the details. Across the frost belt, concrete exposed to freezing while saturated needs entrained air, a low water-to-cement ratio and real curing, and footings have to reach below the local frost line. In the South and Southwest, the same slab is fighting fast surface drying in heat and wind, expansive clay soils that swell and shrink with moisture, and sun exposure that makes curing harder to get right.

Licensing is again a state question. California issues a concrete contractor classification through its state license board covering forming, pouring, placing and finishing. Texas licenses many trades through its licensing department but not concrete work, so there is no state license to ask for there. Permits, however, are local nearly everywhere, and work in the right-of-way, such as a driveway approach or a sidewalk, usually needs its own approval.

Residential concrete work: flatwork, footings, steps and decorative finishes

  • Driveways and aprons: the heaviest-loaded flatwork at most houses, and the part most often placed partly in the public right-of-way.
  • Patios, walkways and pool decks: lighter loads, but the most visible finish work and the most exposed to freeze-thaw and pooling water.
  • Garage and basement slabs: placed over compacted fill with a vapor retarder beneath where the space is conditioned or will be finished.
  • Footings and foundation walls: structural work governed by frost depth, soil bearing and the approved plans.
  • Steps, stoops and retaining curbs: the elements that fail first, because they are exposed on multiple faces and often poured on poorly compacted backfill.
  • Decorative work such as stamped, broomed, exposed-aggregate and colored finishes, which changes the finishing schedule and the sealing routine but not the base preparation.
  • Repair and resurfacing: overlays, slab lifting to correct settlement, joint and crack repair where the slab itself is sound.

From subgrade to curing: what a good concrete crew actually does

  • Locating utilities by calling 811 before any excavation, so operators can mark gas, electric, water and communication lines in the dig area.
  • Removing topsoil and organic material, then compacting the subgrade in lifts rather than simply grading it smooth.
  • Placing and compacting an aggregate base, with the depth matched to the soil and the load the surface will carry.
  • Setting forms to a deliberate slope so water drains away from the house, garage and any door threshold.
  • Reinforcement placed and supported at the correct height in the slab, since rebar or mesh lying on the base does nothing.
  • Placing the concrete continuously, then screeding and floating, with finishing held off until bleed water has left the surface, because working water back into the top layer is what produces a weak, dusty finish.
  • Cutting or tooling control joints early and at sensible spacing, so the slab cracks where it was told to instead of where it wants to.
  • Curing deliberately, by covering, wet curing or a curing compound, and protecting fresh concrete from early drying, heat or freezing.
  • Controlling dust during any cutting, grinding or demolition, since NIOSH warns that cutting, grinding and drilling materials containing crystalline silica produces respirable dust that causes irreversible silicosis, and recommends wet methods, ventilation and respiratory protection.

Cold-weather and hot-weather placement, and the first winter with deicers

Concrete does not simply dry; it hydrates, and temperature governs that reaction. Placed too cold and unprotected, it gains strength slowly and can be permanently damaged if it freezes before it has matured. Placed in heat and wind without protection, the surface dries faster than the body of the slab, producing plastic shrinkage cracking. Both are scheduling questions, and a contractor who declines to pour on a given day, or who brings blankets, windbreaks or an evaporation retarder, is protecting your slab rather than padding the job.

The first winter matters most, and this is where homeowners in the salt belt do the damage themselves. Federal Highway Administration guidance on concrete distress explains that scaling, where the surface flakes away, is driven by freeze-thaw action combined with deicing chemicals, and that resisting it depends on entrained air, a water-to-cement ratio no higher than 0.45, adequate curing, and allowing a minimum of 30 days of environmental exposure before deicing chemicals are applied. It also notes that even properly air-entrained concrete can scale if those other practices are neglected.

The practical rule that follows: do not put down deicing salt on new concrete during its first winter, and keep it to a minimum afterward. Sand gives traction without the chemistry, and shoveling promptly does more for a driveway than any product.

Cracking, scaling, settlement and heaving, and what each one is telling you

  • Fine surface cracks in a random pattern appearing within hours of the pour: plastic shrinkage from the surface drying too fast in heat or wind.
  • Straight cracks near, but not in, a control joint: joints cut too late, spaced too far apart, or not deep enough to control where the slab relieved stress.
  • Flaking and pitting of the top layer, especially along a driveway's edges and the apron: scaling, typically a combination of deicing chemicals, freeze-thaw cycles and finishing or curing that left a weak surface.
  • One slab sitting lower than its neighbor with a lip at the joint: settlement of the base or subgrade, often traceable to poorly compacted fill or water eroding beneath it.
  • A slab lifted along a joint in winter and dropping back in spring: frost heave, which points to water in the base and inadequate drainage.
  • Wide cracks with vertical offset, or cracks that reappear in the same place after repair: a base or soil problem rather than a concrete problem, common on expansive clay.
  • Rust staining and spalling over embedded steel: water and, in coastal or salted environments, chlorides reaching reinforcement that has too little cover.

Licensing, permits, the right-of-way and frost depth where you live

California's Contractors State License Board issues a concrete classification covering contractors who form, pour, place and finish mass, pavement, flat and other concrete work and set screeds for pavements or flatwork. That is the model in license states. In Texas, by contrast, the Department of Licensing and Regulation regulates electricians, air conditioning and refrigeration contractors and dozens of other occupations, but concrete contracting is not among its programs, so verification there falls back on insurance, references and the permit record. Check your own state's licensing agency first, then your city or county.

Permits are a separate matter from licensing and are usually local. A driveway approach, a curb cut or a sidewalk replacement generally involves the public right-of-way and needs approval from the city or the transportation department, sometimes with an inspection of the base before the pour. Many jurisdictions also limit how much of a lot may be covered with impervious surface, or require stormwater management for larger areas, so ask before you enlarge a driveway or patio.

Anything structural is governed by frost. The residential code requires exterior footings to be placed at least 12 inches below undisturbed ground and to extend below the frost line, and that frost depth is set locally, ranging from negligible on the Gulf Coast to several feet in the northern tier. Porch piers, stoop footings, deck footings and addition footings all follow that number, which is why a stoop poured on shallow fill lifts every winter while the house beside it does not.

Keeping a driveway, patio or walkway sound

Concrete lasts longest when water is kept from sitting on it, under it or freezing inside it. Because the Building America guidance points out that the residential code expects impervious surfaces within 10 feet of the foundation to slope about 2 percent away from the house, the drainage check is also a foundation check: if your patio or driveway now sends water back toward the wall, it has become a basement problem as well as a concrete one.

Sealing is optional but useful in freeze-thaw and salt regions, and it is not a repair. Seal only fully cured concrete, reapply on the schedule the product specifies, and understand that a sealer slows water absorption rather than fixing a weak surface. Keep control joints and expansion joints filled so water and grit do not work down into them, keep soil and mulch from bridging over the slab edge, and route downspouts so they do not discharge onto or under flatwork.

LokalMatch handles the search step: describe the concrete job once, with the area, what is there now and how trucks would reach it, and concrete contractors working in your area get in touch. Those pros pay for the requests. LokalMatch does not pour concrete, does not set prices, and does not vet, rank or recommend anyone, so ask each contractor about base depth, reinforcement, joint layout and curing, and compare the answers.

Repair, resurface or replace: choosing between them

Repair makes sense when the slab is structurally sound and the problem is local: a single cracked section, a settled slab that can be lifted back to grade, joints that need refilling, or an edge that has broken away. Slab lifting in particular can correct a trip hazard and restore drainage without the disruption of demolition, provided the underlying reason for the settlement is dealt with at the same time.

Resurfacing suits a driveway whose surface has scaled but whose body is intact, and it depends on good bond, so preparation is the whole job. It is not a solution for a slab that is cracked through, moving seasonally or sitting on a failed base; an overlay over a moving slab simply cracks in the same pattern within a season or two.

Replacement is the right call when cracks run full depth with offset, when the base has failed or was never adequate, when the slope sends water toward the house, or when repeated repairs have not held. Replacement is also the only chance to correct depth, drainage and reinforcement, so if a driveway is coming out anyway, it is worth discussing what the original installation lacked before the new one is formed.

Concrete Contractors: frequently asked questions

How soon can I drive on a new concrete driveway?

Concrete gains strength over weeks, not days, and the contractor's instruction for your specific mix and the weather it was placed in is the one to follow. Foot traffic comes first, then light vehicles, with heavier loads last. Being early is a genuine risk, since concrete that looks finished has not necessarily reached the strength to carry a loaded truck without cracking. Ask for the waiting periods in writing along with the curing instructions.

Why is my new driveway flaking after one winter?

That is scaling. Federal Highway Administration guidance attributes it to freeze-thaw cycles combined with deicing chemicals, and its prevention to entrained air, a water-to-cement ratio no higher than 0.45, proper curing, and allowing at least 30 days of environmental exposure before any deicer is applied. Salt used during the first winter is a frequent cause on residential driveways. Use sand for traction instead, and ask the contractor what air content and mix were specified.

Are cracks in concrete normal?

Fine hairline cracks are common and usually cosmetic, which is why control joints exist: they give the slab a planned place to crack. What is not normal is a crack with vertical offset, one that keeps widening, one that reopens after repair, or a pattern that shows the slab is moving seasonally. Those point to the base, the drainage or the soil rather than the concrete, so fixing the surface alone will not hold.

Do I need a permit to pour a patio or replace my driveway?

Often, and the answer is local. Work touching the public right-of-way, such as a driveway approach or sidewalk, generally needs approval and sometimes a base inspection before the pour. Many jurisdictions also cap how much of a lot can be covered with impervious surface or require stormwater measures for larger areas. Call the building department with the dimensions before you commit, and confirm who is responsible for pulling the permit.

Should I seal new concrete, and when?

Sealing helps most in regions with freeze-thaw cycles and road salt, but only on fully cured concrete and on the schedule the product specifies. A sealer slows water absorption; it does not strengthen a weak, over-finished surface or close a structural crack. Keep the joints filled and the drainage working, which matter more than any coating, and remember that a decorative finish may have its own sealing requirements from the manufacturer.

Sources

  1. CSLB: C-8 Concrete contractor classification (California)
  2. Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation: programs TDLR licenses and regulates
  3. FHWA: Guidelines for detection, analysis and treatment of materials-related distress in concrete pavements
  4. NIOSH: Respirable crystalline silica in construction work
  5. International Residential Code R403.1.4.1: Frost protection of footings
  6. DOE Building America Solution Center: Final grade slopes away from foundation
  7. PHMSA: Call before you dig, 811 damage prevention
  8. ICC: International Residential Code adoption in the United States

Written by the LokalMatch editorial team. Last reviewed September 14, 2026. How we write and check our guides

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What affects the cost of concrete

Prices depend on the details of your project. We only publish price ranges when they’re backed by real LokalMatch quote data or reliable sources. Until then, here’s what usually changes the price:

  • Size and thickness of the area
  • Removal of the old surface
  • Excavation and base preparation
  • Finish, colour or pattern
  • Access for equipment and trucks
  • Steps, curves, drains or retaining edges

How to compare concrete contractors before you hire

  • Choose a contractor who explains how they'll prepare the base, since most concrete and interlock problems start underneath.
  • Ask how they'll slope the surface so water drains away from the house.
  • Get a written quote that covers excavation, base material, reinforcement, finish and removal of the old surface.
  • Look at jobs they finished a few seasons ago to see how they've held up through freeze and thaw.
  • Ask whether they'll call to have underground utilities located before digging.

Questions to ask concrete contractors before you hire

  • How deep will you excavate, and what base will you put down?
  • Will you use reinforcement, and what kind?
  • How will you make sure water drains away from the house?
  • Does this work need a permit from my municipality?
  • How soon can the surface be walked on or driven on after it's done?
  • What warranty do you offer for cracking, settling or heaving?

When to call a pro for concrete

  • Cracks that are widening or slabs that have sunk or lifted
  • Water pooling against the foundation after rain
  • Trip hazards on steps, walkways or driveways

Concrete permits and local rules

Some concrete work needs a permit or has to meet local bylaws. Rules vary by municipality, so ask your pro whether a permit is needed and who will apply for it — and check with your city or town if you’re unsure.

Permits and licensing

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