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UX/UI Designers

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UX and UI designers decide how a product behaves and how it looks doing it: what the screens are, what order they come in, what the words say, and what happens when something goes wrong. The work sits between research and engineering, and most of its value is in decisions made before anything is built.

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Two US-specific pressures shape it. The first is accessibility, which is largely decided at design time rather than in code. The barriers the Department of Justice lists are design decisions: poor colour contrast, information conveyed by colour alone, images without alternative text, video without captions, forms without labels or instructions, and interfaces that only work with a mouse.

The second is that an interface can itself be deceptive. The FTC's standard is that an act is deceptive when a statement or omission is likely to mislead a reasonable consumer on something material, and unfair when it causes substantial injury a consumer could not reasonably avoid. Disclosures must be clear, conspicuous and close to the claim, and the FTC is explicit that a disclosure cannot cure a fundamentally misleading design. Flows that hide a recurring charge or make cancelling deliberately hard are design choices with legal exposure attached.

Research, information architecture, interaction and design systems

  • Discovery research: interviews, contextual observation and a written account of what users actually do.
  • Information architecture: what the product contains and how someone finds it.
  • Interaction design: flows, states, errors and the empty screens nobody remembers to design.
  • Interface design: layout, typography, colour and component design on a grid engineering can build.
  • Design systems: reusable components with rules, which pay off only when more than one team uses them.
  • Usability testing: watching people fail at tasks, which is the cheapest evidence you will ever buy.

Accessibility decisions that belong in the design

Contrast, type size, focus order, target size, label placement and error messaging are all fixed in design files long before a developer sees them. So is whether meaning is carried by colour alone, which is one of the barriers DOJ specifically names. Retrofitting these after build is where accessibility work becomes expensive, because the fix is usually a layout change rather than an attribute.

A design team can carry this cheaply with a few habits: state a conformance target in the project brief, check contrast on every component as it is drawn, design the keyboard path as deliberately as the pointer path, specify alternative text alongside every image placed in a mock-up, and include focus, error, loading and empty states in the component set. If the product will be sold to government, the standards become concrete: the Revised Section 508 Standards incorporate WCAG 2.0 for federal agencies, and DOJ's 2024 Title II rule sets WCAG 2.1 Level AA for state and local government web content and mobile apps.

Deceptive interface patterns and where the line sits

Interfaces that obscure material terms are treated as advertising, not as neutral plumbing. The FTC's guidance on digital disclosures asks for proximity to the claim, prominence, no distracting elements around the disclosure, repetition where the claim repeats, and formats suited to the medium. It also warns that hyperlinks supplement rather than replace information the user needs immediately, and that space-constrained formats do not excuse leaving material terms out.

For subscription and trial flows, the FTC's telemarketing rule shows the shape of what regulators expect disclosed before a customer commits: that there is a recurring charge, what it costs, when it starts and what cancelling involves. Designing a signup that takes three taps and a cancellation that takes a phone call during business hours is a choice that has attracted enforcement. If a product manager asks for friction on the way out, ask what the material terms are and where the user sees them.

Consent, recordings and data in user research

  • Take written consent before recording a session, and say how long the recording will be kept.
  • Some states require all parties to consent to recording a call, so check where your participant is.
  • Do not collect personal data you do not need from participants; the FTC's data guidance is to keep only what you need.
  • Strip identifying details from research artefacts before they are shared in decks or shared drives.
  • If sessions touch real customer accounts, agree in advance what the researcher may see and do.
  • Research involving children under 13 pulls COPPA obligations into scope, including verifiable parental consent.

From research to a handoff engineering can build

  • Frame the problem as a task a user is trying to complete, not as a screen someone wants.
  • Research enough to be surprised at least once, then write the findings down.
  • Sketch flows before screens, so the argument happens about sequence rather than colour.
  • Prototype at the lowest fidelity that answers the question you have.
  • Test with a handful of real users and fix the failures before the design is signed off.
  • Hand off with states, breakpoints, content rules, accessibility notes and a named contact during build.

UX designer, UI designer or product designer

The titles overlap and the market uses them loosely. Broadly, UX work is about structure, flows and evidence; UI work is about the visual system and the craft of the screens; product design usually means one person doing both alongside a product manager. Small US businesses hiring a single designer almost always need the combination, and should say so rather than trusting the title.

The distinction that matters at hiring time is whether the person does research. Plenty of excellent interface designers do not, and a portfolio of beautiful screens tells you nothing about whether anyone could use them. Ask to see a case where testing changed the design, and ask what was abandoned as a result. The answer separates practitioners from stylists.

Why design work fails to reach users

  • Designs produced without a developer in the room, then cut down during build.
  • Only the happy path drawn, leaving errors, empty states and loading to be improvised in code.
  • A design system started before anyone knew which components would be reused.
  • Research run after the decision had already been made, to justify it.
  • Accessibility scoped as a testing task at the end rather than a design constraint at the start.
  • Handoff as static images, with no specification of behaviour, spacing or responsive rules.

UX/UI Designers: frequently asked questions

What is the difference between UX and UI?

UX covers the structure and the evidence: what the product does, in what order, and whether people can complete the task. UI covers the visual and interactive surface: layout, typography, colour, components and states. One person often does both, particularly in smaller businesses, but they are different skills and a strong portfolio in one says little about the other.

Do designers have to think about accessibility, or is that a developer job?

Most of it is decided in design. Colour contrast, colour-only meaning, form labels, focus order, target sizes and captioned video are all choices made in the design file, and the Department of Justice's list of common barriers is largely a list of design decisions. Developers implement it; they cannot rescue a design that made those choices badly.

How many users do we need to test with?

Fewer than most people expect for finding usability problems, and more than most people expect for measuring anything. A small number of sessions per round, repeated after each fix, finds far more than one large study at the end. Be explicit about which you are buying, because a study designed to produce statistics is a different and more expensive exercise.

Is it legal to make cancelling harder than signing up?

This is an area regulators watch closely. The FTC treats practices that are likely to mislead a reasonable consumer about something material as deceptive, and it expects material terms such as recurring charges and how to cancel to be disclosed clearly and conspicuously rather than buried. A flow designed to obstruct cancellation is a legal question, not just a design preference, so take advice before shipping one.

What should a design handoff contain?

Flows, every screen state including errors and empty states, responsive behaviour at the agreed breakpoints, spacing and component specifications, content rules, accessibility notes such as alternative text and focus order, and a named designer available during the build. Handoff is a period, not a file drop, and contracts should reflect that.

Sources

  1. ADA.gov — Guidance on Web Accessibility and the ADA
  2. Section508.gov — Laws and policies
  3. ADA.gov — Fact sheet: new rule on the accessibility of web content and mobile apps
  4. FTC — .com Disclosures: How to Make Effective Disclosures in Digital Advertising
  5. FTC — Complying with the Telemarketing Sales Rule
  6. FTC — Protecting Personal Information: A Guide for Business

Written by the LokalMatch editorial team. Last reviewed September 22, 2026. How we write and check our guides

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What affects the fees UX/UI designers charge

Fees depend on the work involved and how the professional bills. We only publish fee ranges when they’re backed by real LokalMatch data or reliable sources. Until then, here’s what usually changes the fee:

  • Scope and complexity of the work
  • How the firm bills: hourly, per project or on a monthly retainer
  • Experience of the team
  • Timeline and how urgent the work is
  • Ongoing support after the work is delivered

How to compare UX/UI designers before you hire

  • Ask for examples of similar work for clients like you.
  • Read reviews and ask for references you can contact.
  • Make sure the scope, deliverables and timeline are written down before work starts.
  • Ask who will do the work: an in-house team, freelancers or subcontractors.
  • Compare two or three proposals before you decide.

Questions to ask UX/UI designers before you hire

  • Have you done work like this before, and can I see examples?
  • Who will work on this, and who is my main contact?
  • How do you charge: hourly, per project or monthly?
  • What is included, and what costs extra?
  • How long is the contract, and how can either side end it?
  • How will you report on progress?
  • Who owns the work, files and accounts you set up for me?

Licences and registration

This kind of work is often limited to licensed or registered professionals, and the rules depend on where you are. Ask which body they’re registered with, and check their status on that body’s public register before you hire.

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